In September 1949, the Indian Constituent Assembly witnessed some of its most intense sessions—often referred to as the "stormy days"—over the question of India’s national language. While the primary debate was between Hindi, Hindustani, and English, a significant and surprising movement emerged to make Sanskrit the official language of the Union.
The debate peaked between September 12 and 14, 1949, eventually resulting in what is known as the Munshi-Ayyangar Formula.
The Case for Sanskrit
The proposal for Sanskrit was not merely a sentimental gesture; it was presented as a strategic "neutral" solution to the deadlock between the Hindi-speaking North and the non-Hindi-speaking South.
The Proponents:
The amendment to make Sanskrit the official language was sponsored by Pandit Lakshmi Kanta Maitra and supported by figures like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (then Law Minister) and Mr. Naziruddin Ahmed.
The Support Base:
Interestingly, a large number of the 16+ signatories were from non-Hindi-speaking provinces, including Madras (now Chennai).
The Arguments:
Impartiality:
Since Sanskrit was not the mother tongue of any specific region at the time, it was argued that no province would feel dominated by another.
Linguistic Root:
Advocates pointed out that Sanskrit is the "grandmother" of most Indo-Aryan languages and has heavily influenced Dravidian languages, making it a common thread across India.
International Prestige:
Proponents cited Western scholars like Max Müller to argue that Sanskrit was one of the world's most perfect and scientific languages.
"What is wrong with Sanskrit?" — Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, when asked by reporters about his support for the Sanskrit amendment on September 11, 1949.
The Counter-Arguments
The opposition to Sanskrit was based primarily on practicality rather than cultural dislike:
Lack of Spoken Base:
Many members, including Jawaharlal Nehru, argued that while Sanskrit was a "magnificent" language, it was not a living, spoken language for the masses and would be impractical for modern administration.
Exclusivity:
Some feared that adopting a language primarily known by scholars and certain castes would create a new form of "linguistic elitism."
The Resolution: The Munshi-Ayyangar Formula
Ultimately, the assembly realized that neither Sanskrit nor Hindustani could bridge the divide. They adopted a compromise named after K.M. Munshi and N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar:
Hindi (in Devanagari script) was declared the Official Language (not the National Language) of the Union.
English would continue to be used for all official purposes for a period of 15 years.
Sanskrit was given a prestigious place in the Eighth Schedule (List of recognized languages) and Article 351, which directs the state to draw upon Sanskrit for the development of Hindi's vocabulary.
Summary Table: The Language Contenders (Sept 1949)
| Language | Primary Supporters | Outcome |
| Hindi | Purushottam Das Tandon, Govind Das | Adopted as Official Language. |
| Sanskrit | B.R. Ambedkar, L.K. Maitra | Included in Eighth Schedule; used for vocabulary. |
| Hindustani | Mahatma Gandhi (legacy), Maulana Azad | Rejected in favor of "Sanskritized" Hindi. |
| English | Non-Hindi states (Madras, Bengal) | Retained as Associate Language for 15 years. |


